Bách khoa toàn thư mở Wikipedia
Raja Raja Chola I là một trong những vị hoàng đế kiệt xuất của nhà Chola, người trị vì từ năm 985 đến 1014 Sau công nguyên. Ông đã chinh phạt các vương quốc ở phía Nam Ấn Độ và đế quốc Chola cho đến tận Tích Lan phía nam, và Kalinga (Orissa) phía bắc, dẫn đến sự phát triển không ngừng của đế chế Chola. Ông từng chiến đấu trong nhiều trận đánh với quân Chalukya ở miền bắc và Pandya ở miền nam. Việc Rajaraja thôn tính Vengi đã dẫn đến sự sáng lập triều đại Chalukya Chola. Ông xâm chiếm Tích Lan và bắt đầu sự chiếm đóng của Chola trên hòn đảo này kéo dài trong một thế kỉ.
Ông đã hợp lý hóa chế độ hành chính, chia đất nước thành nhiều khu vực và chuẩn hóa việc thu ngân sách qua những cuộc điều tra đất đai có hệ thống. Ông xây dựng ngôi đền Brihadisvara lộng lẫy ở Thanjavur và từ đây ông phân chia của cải cho các bề tôi của mình. Những thành tựu của ông đặt nền móng cho con là Rajendra Chola I mở rộng đế quốc của mình hơn nữa.
A makeshift flag of threadbare, faded green cloth with an image of a leaping tiger flaps in the morning breeze on a stick atop a small shed at Udayalur near Kumbakonam.
It’s meant to represent the banner of the mighty Cholas that flew proudly over large swathes of India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Indonesia more than 1,000 years ago.
Locals and history enthusiasts claim the shed marks the resting place of Raja Raja Chola, under who and his son Rajendra, the Chola empire grew to its mightiest.
The people of Udayalur celebrate Raja Raja’s birth anniversary on the Sathayam star in the Tamil month of Aippasi (October-November). However, there is no authentic record of his death or his last days. What happened remains one of the mysteries of the Chola era.
So why is the Udayalur shed revered as the tomb of Ponniyin Selvan as Raja Raja was popularly known.
That’s because, in the early 2000s, study of Tamil estampages at the Mysuru institute led researchers to a stone inscription at Udayalur that talks about renovation of a memorial to Raja Raja in his grandson Kulothunga’s reign. The pillar with this inscription was found at the entrance to an Amman temple at Udayalur.
Researchers then searched the region for a Shiva temple or ‘linga’ that could mark the ‘pallipadai’ (final resting place) of Raja Raja. They concluded that the half-buried ‘linga’ at Ottathoppu in Udayalur could mark his final resting place.
But not everyone buys the theory. “They are saying there’s a king’s tomb here. There was no sign of a king’s tomb except for the ‘linga’ which was buried two-thirds under the sand till recently. Locals used to dump waste near that place,” says Sagaya Mary, a resident of Udayalur.
“Most visitors are disappointed on seeing the small shed and wonder how it can be the tomb of the king who built the Big Temple of Thanjavur,” says Sivagami, also from Udayalur.
Some historians say Udayalur’s Kailasanathar temple could be the ‘pallipadai’ of Raja Raja. The temple has a unique sculpture showing Raja Raja as a hermit seated under the feet of Lord Shiva on a wall outside the sanctum.
The mystery is not just about his tomb. There are many theories about how he died. There is a written record of the fact that Raja Raja and his wife Lokamadevi performed ‘hiranya garbham’ and ‘tulabhara’ rituals at a Shiva temple in Thiruvisainallur at the end of 1013 CE.
“After these rituals, he would have taken ‘vanaprastham’ and retired to a small village near the Cholas’ palace city of Pazhayarai. But, he did not live for long after this. Inscriptions show that Rajendra conducted annual rites for him in 1015 CE, which means he died soon after becoming an ascetic,” says historian Kudavayil Balasubramanian.
But then what about the legend that he fell to his death from the gopuram of his greatest creation, the Brihadeeswara or Big Temple at Thanjavur? The power of this story is such that even in modern times, politicians, when in power, avoid entering the temple through the main entrance believing it’s bad for a ruler.
Whatever the truth behind that belief, researchers say the temple was built by carving out stones weighing tonnes from a hill in Pudukkottai district and transporting them 75km to Thanjavur 1,012 years ago. The 216-foot Sri Vimana above the sanctum sanctorum was once covered by gold plates, which were peeled off by invading armies centuries later.
But Raja Raja was much more than a Shaivite temple builder. He made endowments to Vaishnavite temples and also gave land near Nagapattinam for a Buddhist vihara. His rule from 985 CE to 1014 CE laid the foundations for the Chola empire, which under his son Rajendra stretched from Sri Lanka to Bengal with settlements in Malaysia and Indonesia.
Historian Kudavayil Balasubramanian says, “The state archaeology department has not conducted a proper excavation so far. They need to dig up a trench at Ottathoppu to find out whether it is the pallipadai of Raja Raja Chola or not.”
However, archaeologists say they have conducted an initial study at the site and have not found any evidence of a ‘pallipadai’.
At the shed that researchers believe houses Raja Raja’s ‘pallipadai’, construction worker Jayaraman is a part-time priest, performing puja now to the ‘linga’ near which he and his mates used to play as children. He uses the money the occasional visitor gives him to keep the temple going. He hopes the renewed interest in all things Chola will give Raja Raja his due.
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A controversy has erupted after Tamil filmmaker Vetrimaaran claimed that the Great Southern King Raja Raja Chola was not a Hindu king. His remark has found support from actor and politician Kamal Haasan and Congress parliamentarian S Jothimani. Several pro-Tamil activists have also claimed on social media that the Chola kings were Shaivites by faith and this identity of the Tamil kings was "hijacked."
Here is everything you should know about the great southern king whose empire was spread across Indian Ocean.
He invaded Sri Lanka and started a century-long Chola occupation of the island.He invaded Sri Lanka, Lakshadweep, Thiladhunmadulu, and some tracts of Maldives. He also won Kandalur Salai (Kerala), thanks to his strong navy and army fleet. Raja Raja decimated everyone who comes in his way. He captured the regions of Gangapadi, Nolambapadi and Tadigaipadi (Karnataka) too.
The colossal Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur, dedicated to Lord Shiva which is a glowing example of Dravidian architecture, comes up under his direction. It becomes a hub of religious activities (It got the Unesco heritage site tag sometime back).The great emperor rolled out a project of a land survey, reorganizing his kingdom into units known as valanadus. The local self-government was revamped as created a foolproof audit system. The village assemblies and other public bodies were given autonomy.
"They have already tried to saffronise Thiruvalluvar. We should never allow that." Tamil Nadu remains a secular state, resisting external forces, Vetrimaaran said.Supporting him, Kamal Haasan said: "There were Vaishnavism, Shaivism and Samanam. The Britishers coined the term Hindu," the veteran actor who watched Ponniyin Selvan along with the cast and crew, claimed.
Countering this, Telangana and Puducherry Governor Tamilisai Soundararajan, who hails from Tamil Nadu, remarked that there was an attempt to hide the Hindu cultural identity in TN and called for efforts to resist it.
Lashing out at Vetrimaaran, BJP's former national secretary H Raja claimed that Raja Raja Cholan was an ardent devotee of Lord Shiva and called himself 'Sivapadha Sekara'."He was responsible for building the Brihadishwarar temple. Has Raja Raja Cholan built churches or mosques to say he was not a Hindu?" he asked.
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Terdapat 10 negara yang pernah menjadi kampiun sepak bola di benua Eropa. Jerman dan Spanyol adalah dua negara tersukses di Kejuaraan Piala Eropa, sama-sama mengumpulkan tiga gelar juara.
Jerman paling sering mencapai di final, yaitu sebanyak enam kali, dengan separuhnya sebagai tim Jerman Barat.
Selanjutnya Perancis dan Italia menyusul di belakang Tim Panser dan skuad Matador dengan torehan dua titel.
Sementara, ada enam negara yang masing-masing mengoleksi satu trofi, yakni Rusia/Uni Soviet, Ceko/Cekoslovakia, Denmark, Yunani, Belanda, serta Portugal.
Selain 10 negara yang menjadi juara, ada tiga negara yang menjejak hingga ke babak final. Mereka adalah Serbia (yang kala itu menjadi bagian Yugoslavia) dua kali mencapai babak final (1960, dan 1968), Belgia (1980,) dan Inggris (2020).
Italia merupakan negara terakhir yang menjadi kampiun Eropa. Gli Azzuri meraih trofi untuk kedua kalinya di EURO 2020 setelah mengalahkan Inggris di partai puncak lewat adu pinalti 3 – 2.
Sumber Data:Union of European Football Associations (UEFA)
Infografik:Albertus Erwin Susanto
Pengolah Data:Dwi Erianto
Editor:Topan Yuniarto
1 Raja-raja 19 (atau I Raja-raja 19, disingkat 1Raj 19) adalah pasal kesembilan belas Kitab 1 Raja-raja dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani termasuk Nabi-nabi Awal atau Nevi'im Rishonim [נביאים ראשונים] dalam bagian Nevi'im (נביאים; Nabi-nabi).[1][2]
Pembagian isi pasal (disertai referensi silang dengan bagian Alkitab lain):
Pengurapan Hazael dilaksanakan oleh Elisa, penerus Elia, setelah Elia dipanggil Allah. Penggenapan ini dicatat dalam Kitab 2 Raja-raja pasal 8.[9]
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